ARABIC ranks sixth in the world's league table of languages, with an estimated 186 million native speakers. As the language of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, it is also widely used throughout the Muslim world. It belongs to the Semitic group of languages which also includes Hebrew and Amharic, the main language of Ethiopia.
There are many Arabic dialects. Classical Arabic – the language of the Qur'an – was originally the dialect of Mecca in what is now Saudi Arabia. An adapted form of this, known as Modern Standard Arabic, is used in books, newspapers, on television and radio, in the mosques, and in conversation between educated Arabs from different countries (for example at international conferences).
Local dialects vary, and a Moroccan might have difficulty understanding an Iraqi, even though they speak the same language.
Is Arabic difficult?
YES - and no. Learning Arabic certainly takes time and practice, but there are not many irregularities in the grammar. It's much less complicated than Latin, and probably simpler than German, too.
If you speak a European language, the root system of Arabic is an unfamiliar concept. Arabic words are constructed from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author".
Learning vocabulary may cause problems at first. In most European languages there are many words which resemble those in English. Arabic has very few, but it becomes easier once you have memorised a few roots.
Arabic has many regional dialects, and if you want to master one of these the only really effective way is to spend a few years in the place of your choice. For general purposes – such as reading or listening to radio - it's best to concentrate on Modern Standard Arabic (numerous courses and textbooks are available). This would also be useful if you're interested in Islam, though you would need some additional religious vocabulary.
There are 28 consonants and three vowels – a, i, u – which can be short or long. Some of the sounds are unique to Arabic and difficult for foreigners to pronounce exactly, though you should be able to make yourself understood.
The normal word order of a sentence is verb/subject/object. The function of nouns in a sentence can also be distinguished by case-endings (marks above the last letter of a word) but these are usually found only in the Qur'an or school textbooks.
Feminine nouns add the suffix …aat to form the plural but masculine nouns generally have a "broken" plural which involves changing vowels in the middle of the word: kitaab ("book"); kutub ("books").
Arabic has very few irregular verbs and does not use "is" or "are" at all in the present tense: "the king good" means "the king is good". Subtle alterations in the basic meaning of a verb are made by adding to the root. These changes follow regular rules, giving ten possible "verb forms" (though in practice only three or four exist for most verbs. The root k-s-r produces:
form I kasara, "he broke"
form II kassara, "he smashed to bits"
form VII inkasara, "it was broken up"
Sometimes these must be used with care: qAtala means "he fought" but qatala means "he killed".
Friday, June 12, 2009
Sunday, June 7, 2009
Arabic Script
Origin
The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since the 4th century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and Greek, dates from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were introduced, but are only generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without mistakes.
There are two main types of written Arabic:
Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature. It differs from Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary, some of which is archaic. All Muslims are expected to recite the Qur'an in the original language, however many rely on translations in order to understand the text.
Modern Standard Arabic - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking world which is understood by all Arabic speakers. It is the language of the vast majority of written material and of formal TV shows, lectures, etc.
Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken Arabic. These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry, cartoons and comics, plays and personal letters. There are also translations of the bible into most varieties of colloquial Arabic.
Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.
Notable Features
The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Some additional letters are used in Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do not occur in Standard Arabic, such as /p/ or /g/.
Words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals are written from left to right
Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or on their own.
Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed Arabic. The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in which the script is written vertically.
The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, yā' and wāw respectively.
Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special symbols appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less consistency, in other religious texts, in classical poetry, in books for children and foreign learners, and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity. Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles, letterheads, nameplates, etc.
Tuesday, June 2, 2009
History of Arabic
Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah; less formally: عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Syriac. In terms of speakers, Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million people as a first language and by 250 million more as a second language. Most native speakers live in the Middle East and North Africa. Different spoken varieties of Arabic exist and differ according to region. Not all of the varieties are mutually intelligible and speakers may use a sort of medial language with features common to most Arabic varieties to communicate with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties. Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools, universities, and used in the office and the media.
Modern Standard Arabic derives from Classical Arabic, the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group, attested in Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions dating back to the 4th century.Classical Arabic has also been a literary language and the liturgical language of Islam since its inception in the 7th century.
Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world. During the Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed numerous words from it. Arabic influence is seen in Mediterranean languages, particularly Spanish, Portuguese, Maltese, and Sicilian, due to both the proximity of European and Arab civilization and 700 years of Arab rule in the Iberian peninsula (see Al-Andalus).
Arabic has also borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Persian and Syriac in early centuries, and contemporary European languages in modern times.
Monday, June 1, 2009
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Introduction to Arabic Translation and Interpretation? Join the
gwu/~cpd/introarabictranslation - 2
Free Mezzofanti Translations - Free translation of text and
company, 1-800-Translate, here offers free online machine translation between a dozen
of the world's most popular languages - including Arabic and Polish (rare
A collection of text translation engines for most of the European and South African languages.
Reference > Dictionaries > World Languages > Multilingual
mezzofanti/translation/ - 6
Jim Boulet Jr. on Translators on National Review Online
more they can do. But they can reduce the demand for Arabic translation
here at home by repealing Clinton Executive Order 13166.
nationalreview/comment/boulet26 - 3
DS-157 Arabic Translation
the burden and recommendations for reducing it to: US Department of
State, A/RPS/DIR, Washington, DC 20520. DS-157 Arabic. 01-2002.
usembabu.govconsular/niv/DS-157%20Arabic - 6
Arabic New Testament - Van Dyke Translation.
Arabic Bible: Van Dyke MS Word Van Dyke On-Line International On-Line Bible in PDF
Format Old Testament Injil (New Testament) Old Testament in Audio Injil in
arabicbible/bible/nt_audio - 4
Directory Translation Services > Arabic
services. Arabic Translation & Promotion Services - Arabic/English
translations including business, technical, and personal. Arabic
/Business_and_Economy/Business_to_Business/ Translation_Services/Arabic/ - 1
NEWSTRAN Free Newspaper Translations Translate World News Online
translation foreign language translation babel fish translation german to english
translation free language translation arabic translation english french
newstran/ - 9
ATA SOFTWARE
competition with ease. If you want power, ease of use, and the most sophisticated
English/Arabic translation, then choose ATA Software.
atasoft/products - 1
Quran in Arabic with Urdu and English Translation
Quran Majeed website with full Arabic text including airabs and Urdu translation.
Quran Majeed With Urdu and English Translation Click here to continue.
pakdata/quran/ -
Sakhr
Sakhr is the world leader in Arabic language processing technology.
Our vision is to enable Arabic IT by providing our own world
Company specialising in the use of the arabic language in computing and communication. Includes company
Regional > Africa > > Business and Economy > Computers > Software
sakhr/ - 1
The Ultimate Arabic Store
Sweets / Pastries (Mix). Click to enlarge. Arabic Language Translation
and Interpretation, $100.00 Arabic Gift Certificate. Toll Free
arabic/ - 1
Professional Vacancy Announcement No1217-GIC
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Under the general supervision of the Senior Reviser,
Arabic Translation Group, will be responsible for the translation and revision
fao/VA/PROF/1217gicE -
Arabic-English-Arabic software dictionaries. Word translation and
Arabic Electronic Pocket Dictionaries. Select platform: Palm OS. Pocket PC.
Windows 9x / 2000. Select language: Albanian. Arabic. Bulgarian. Chinese.
travlang/tlstore/gold511/software/arabic - 2
English-Arabic-English electronic dictionaries. Arabic Language
Arabic Translation Software for Windows, Pocket PC, Palm OS, Epoc, Windows CE. Largest
collection of Language Teacher electronic translators and dictionaries.
travlang/tlstore/511/dictionaries/arabic - 2
travlang
BSHM: Abstracts -- Y
Young, Gregg De, ‘Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and the third Arabic translation
of Euclid’s Elements’, Historia mathematica 19 (1992), 188-199 It
dcs.warwickc/bshm/abstracts/Y -
Arabic script
dict_page. Free online translation English <> Arabic http://tarjim.ajeeb/ajeeb
almisbar/salam_trans. Diwan
writing/arabic - 1
Yale > Medieval Studies > About the Faculty
interest in the transmission of Greek scientific and philosophical works into the
Islamic world through the momentous Graeco-Arabic translation movement in
yale/medieval/gutas - 1
Arabeyes Project - Welcome
online English/Arabic dictionary based on the DICT protocol. By pointing your Dict
client to dict.arabeyes (port 2628), you can get the translation to more
Metaproject to fully support the Arabic language in the Unix/Linux environment, to be a central location
Computers > Software > > Distributions > International > Arabic
arabeyes/ - 2
Arabic-English
Chinese and Arabic. The database is mainly intended for use by the language and
editorial staff of the United Nations to ensure consistent translation of
unog.c/library/other/Dictionaries/list - 1
CalligC
ontents
Zakariya Calligraphy Ali Rouhfar's Nastaliq calligraphy Nastaliq calligraphy
Arabic Translation Arabic Translation, and transliteration Painter Gallery
sakkal/CalligContents - 1
Australian Securities and Investments Commission - 2003 Media
03-079 Your guide to super - Arabic translation Tuesday 4 March 2003 The Arabic-speaking
community in Australia will benefit from today's release by the
asic/asic/asic_pub.nsf/byheadline/ 03-079+Your+guide+to+super+-+Arabic+translation?openDocument - 3
Arabic Language Translation services, website and software
Arabic Language translation is just one service provided by Globalization
Partners International (GPI). Arabic Translations. In order
globalizationpartners/arabic_translations - 1
CrossSearch Bibles
RealVideo & Audio resources available also. [more]. Arabic Bible
Translation Arabic translation of the bible. Due to the current
crosssearch/Reference/Bible/ - 3
List of pointers to Arabic and other Semitic NLP and Speech sites
URL: http://aramedia/diction Arabic Translation Resources
Comment: Arabic Translation Solutions Submitted: 23-11-2002 by: George N
elsnet/arabiclist - 3
Euclid's Geometry: The Arabian Euclid
The first Arabic translation that we know of was made by Al-Hajjaj
jb Yusuf b. Matar (Al-Hajjaj) in the 8th Century. A manuscript
mathforum/geometry/wwweuclid/transl -
PostNuke
modifications are written in the included radme fle. Can be downloaded in RAR
format from here:: Arabic Translation 0.726 Regards, me7tar estra7a.
news.postnuke/print?s
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